•
NordVarg Team
•Kernel Bypassing in Linux with C++ and Rust
Systems Programmingkernel-bypassdpdkio_uringc++rustlow-latencynetworking
12 min read
The Linux kernel network stack is excellent for general-purpose networking, but it introduces latency that's unacceptable for high-frequency trading. Kernel bypass techniques let us achieve sub-microsecond network latencies. This article covers DPDK and io_uring implementations in both C++ and Rust.
Traditional socket I/O involves multiple expensive operations:
1Application
2 ↓ syscall (~300ns)
3Kernel
4 ↓ protocol processing (~2-5μs)
5 ↓ copy to kernel buffer
6Driver
7 ↓ DMA, interrupts (~1-3μs)
8NIC
9With kernel bypass:
1Application
2 ↓ direct memory access (~50ns)
3User-Space Driver (PMD)
4 ↓ polling (~200ns)
5NIC (via MMIO)
6In our production systems, kernel bypass reduced P99 latency from 12μs to 1.8μs—a 6.7x improvement.
DPDK provides user-space poll-mode drivers (PMDs) for direct NIC access.
1#include <rte_eal.h>
2#include <rte_ethdev.h>
3#include <rte_mbuf.h>
4#include <rte_mempool.h>
5#include <rte_ring.h>
6#include <iostream>
7#include <vector>
8#include <cstring>
9
10class DPDKPort {
11private:
12 uint16_t port_id_;
13 struct rte_mempool* mbuf_pool_;
14 struct rte_ring* rx_ring_;
15 struct rte_ring* tx_ring_;
16
17 static constexpr uint16_t RX_RING_SIZE = 2048;
18 static constexpr uint16_t TX_RING_SIZE = 2048;
19 static constexpr uint16_t NUM_MBUFS = 16384;
20 static constexpr uint16_t MBUF_CACHE_SIZE = 512;
21 static constexpr uint16_t BURST_SIZE = 64;
22
23public:
24 DPDKPort(uint16_t port_id, unsigned socket_id) : port_id_(port_id) {
25 // Create packet buffer pool
26 char pool_name[32];
27 snprintf(pool_name, sizeof(pool_name), "mbuf_pool_%u", port_id);
28
29 mbuf_pool_ = rte_pktmbuf_pool_create(
30 pool_name,
31 NUM_MBUFS,
32 MBUF_CACHE_SIZE,
33 0,
34 RTE_MBUF_DEFAULT_BUF_SIZE,
35 socket_id
36 );
37
38 if (!mbuf_pool_) {
39 throw std::runtime_error("Failed to create mbuf pool");
40 }
41
42 // Configure port
43 struct rte_eth_conf port_conf = {};
44 port_conf.rxmode.mq_mode = RTE_ETH_MQ_RX_RSS;
45 port_conf.rxmode.max_lro_pkt_size = RTE_ETHER_MAX_LEN;
46 port_conf.txmode.mq_mode = RTE_ETH_MQ_TX_NONE;
47
48 if (rte_eth_dev_configure(port_id_, 1, 1, &port_conf) < 0) {
49 throw std::runtime_error("Failed to configure port");
50 }
51
52 // Setup RX queue
53 if (rte_eth_rx_queue_setup(port_id_, 0, RX_RING_SIZE,
54 socket_id, nullptr, mbuf_pool_) < 0) {
55 throw std::runtime_error("Failed to setup RX queue");
56 }
57
58 // Setup TX queue
59 if (rte_eth_tx_queue_setup(port_id_, 0, TX_RING_SIZE,
60 socket_id, nullptr) < 0) {
61 throw std::runtime_error("Failed to setup TX queue");
62 }
63
64 // Start device
65 if (rte_eth_dev_start(port_id_) < 0) {
66 throw std::runtime_error("Failed to start port");
67 }
68
69 // Enable promiscuous mode
70 rte_eth_promiscuous_enable(port_id_);
71
72 // Get MAC address
73 struct rte_ether_addr addr;
74 rte_eth_macaddr_get(port_id_, &addr);
75
76 char mac_str[32];
77 snprintf(mac_str, sizeof(mac_str),
78 "%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X",
79 addr.addr_bytes[0], addr.addr_bytes[1],
80 addr.addr_bytes[2], addr.addr_bytes[3],
81 addr.addr_bytes[4], addr.addr_bytes[5]);
82
83 std::cout << "Port " << port_id_ << " MAC: " << mac_str << std::endl;
84 }
85
86 ~DPDKPort() {
87 if (port_id_ < RTE_MAX_ETHPORTS) {
88 rte_eth_dev_stop(port_id_);
89 rte_eth_dev_close(port_id_);
90 }
91 }
92
93 // Receive burst of packets
94 uint16_t receive_burst(struct rte_mbuf** bufs, uint16_t nb_bufs) {
95 return rte_eth_rx_burst(port_id_, 0, bufs, nb_bufs);
96 }
97
98 // Send burst of packets
99 uint16_t send_burst(struct rte_mbuf** bufs, uint16_t nb_bufs) {
100 return rte_eth_tx_burst(port_id_, 0, bufs, nb_bufs);
101 }
102
103 // Allocate packet buffer
104 struct rte_mbuf* allocate_mbuf() {
105 return rte_pktmbuf_alloc(mbuf_pool_);
106 }
107
108 struct rte_mempool* get_mempool() { return mbuf_pool_; }
109};
110
111// Market data parser
112struct MarketDataMsg {
113 uint64_t timestamp;
114 uint32_t symbol_id;
115 double price;
116 uint32_t size;
117} __attribute__((packed));
118
119class MarketDataReceiver {
120private:
121 DPDKPort& port_;
122 uint64_t packets_received_ = 0;
123 uint64_t bytes_received_ = 0;
124
125public:
126 explicit MarketDataReceiver(DPDKPort& port) : port_(port) {}
127
128 void poll_loop() {
129 constexpr uint16_t BURST_SIZE = 64;
130 struct rte_mbuf* bufs[BURST_SIZE];
131
132 while (true) {
133 // Receive burst
134 uint16_t nb_rx = port_.receive_burst(bufs, BURST_SIZE);
135
136 if (nb_rx == 0) {
137 // No packets, could yield or continue polling
138 _mm_pause();
139 continue;
140 }
141
142 // Process each packet
143 for (uint16_t i = 0; i < nb_rx; ++i) {
144 process_packet(bufs[i]);
145 rte_pktmbuf_free(bufs[i]);
146 }
147
148 packets_received_ += nb_rx;
149 }
150 }
151
152private:
153 void process_packet(struct rte_mbuf* mbuf) {
154 uint8_t* data = rte_pktmbuf_mtod(mbuf, uint8_t*);
155 uint32_t len = rte_pktmbuf_pkt_len(mbuf);
156
157 bytes_received_ += len;
158
159 // Skip Ethernet header (14 bytes)
160 data += 14;
161 len -= 14;
162
163 // Skip IP header (assume 20 bytes, should parse properly)
164 data += 20;
165 len -= 20;
166
167 // Skip UDP header (8 bytes)
168 data += 8;
169 len -= 8;
170
171 // Parse market data
172 if (len >= sizeof(MarketDataMsg)) {
173 auto* msg = reinterpret_cast<MarketDataMsg*>(data);
174 handle_market_data(msg);
175 }
176 }
177
178 void handle_market_data(const MarketDataMsg* msg) {
179 uint64_t now = rdtsc();
180 uint64_t latency = now - msg->timestamp;
181
182 // Process market data update
183 // In production: update order book, trigger strategies, etc.
184
185 // Record latency
186 record_latency(latency);
187 }
188
189 static uint64_t rdtsc() {
190 uint32_t lo, hi;
191 __asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc" : "=a"(lo), "=d"(hi));
192 return (static_cast<uint64_t>(hi) << 32) | lo;
193 }
194
195 void record_latency(uint64_t cycles) {
196 // Convert to nanoseconds and record
197 // Assuming 2.4 GHz CPU: ns = cycles / 2.4
198 }
199};
200
201// Zero-copy packet sender
202class PacketSender {
203private:
204 DPDKPort& port_;
205
206public:
207 explicit PacketSender(DPDKPort& port) : port_(port) {}
208
209 void send_order(uint64_t order_id, uint32_t symbol,
210 double price, uint32_t size) {
211 struct rte_mbuf* mbuf = port_.allocate_mbuf();
212 if (!mbuf) {
213 return; // Handle error
214 }
215
216 // Build packet
217 uint8_t* data = rte_pktmbuf_mtod(mbuf, uint8_t*);
218
219 // Ethernet header
220 struct rte_ether_hdr* eth = reinterpret_cast<struct rte_ether_hdr*>(data);
221 // Set source/dest MAC, ethertype
222 eth->ether_type = htons(0x0800); // IPv4
223
224 data += sizeof(struct rte_ether_hdr);
225
226 // IP header (simplified)
227 struct rte_ipv4_hdr* iph = reinterpret_cast<struct rte_ipv4_hdr*>(data);
228 iph->version_ihl = 0x45;
229 iph->total_length = htons(sizeof(rte_ipv4_hdr) +
230 sizeof(rte_udp_hdr) +
231 sizeof(MarketDataMsg));
232 iph->next_proto_id = IPPROTO_UDP;
233
234 data += sizeof(struct rte_ipv4_hdr);
235
236 // UDP header
237 struct rte_udp_hdr* udph = reinterpret_cast<struct rte_udp_hdr*>(data);
238 udph->src_port = htons(12345);
239 udph->dst_port = htons(54321);
240 udph->dgram_len = htons(sizeof(rte_udp_hdr) + sizeof(MarketDataMsg));
241
242 data += sizeof(struct rte_udp_hdr);
243
244 // Payload
245 MarketDataMsg* msg = reinterpret_cast<MarketDataMsg*>(data);
246 msg->timestamp = rdtsc();
247 msg->symbol_id = symbol;
248 msg->price = price;
249 msg->size = size;
250
251 // Set packet length
252 mbuf->pkt_len = mbuf->data_len =
253 sizeof(rte_ether_hdr) + sizeof(rte_ipv4_hdr) +
254 sizeof(rte_udp_hdr) + sizeof(MarketDataMsg);
255
256 // Send
257 struct rte_mbuf* bufs[] = {mbuf};
258 uint16_t sent = port_.send_burst(bufs, 1);
259
260 if (sent == 0) {
261 rte_pktmbuf_free(mbuf);
262 }
263 }
264
265private:
266 static uint64_t rdtsc() {
267 uint32_t lo, hi;
268 __asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc" : "=a"(lo), "=d"(hi));
269 return (static_cast<uint64_t>(hi) << 32) | lo;
270 }
271};
272
273// Main DPDK application
274int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
275 // Initialize EAL
276 int ret = rte_eal_init(argc, argv);
277 if (ret < 0) {
278 std::cerr << "EAL initialization failed\n";
279 return -1;
280 }
281
282 // Check available ports
283 uint16_t nb_ports = rte_eth_dev_count_avail();
284 if (nb_ports == 0) {
285 std::cerr << "No Ethernet ports available\n";
286 return -1;
287 }
288
289 std::cout << "Available ports: " << nb_ports << std::endl;
290
291 // Initialize port 0
292 unsigned socket_id = rte_eth_dev_socket_id(0);
293 DPDKPort port(0, socket_id);
294
295 // Start receiver
296 MarketDataReceiver receiver(port);
297
298 std::cout << "Starting packet receiver...\n";
299 receiver.poll_loop();
300
301 return 0;
302}
3031use std::mem;
2use std::ptr;
3use std::ffi::CString;
4
5// Rust bindings to DPDK (using rust-dpdk or manual FFI)
6#[repr(C)]
7struct RteMbuf {
8 // Simplified mbuf structure
9 buf_addr: *mut u8,
10 data_off: u16,
11 pkt_len: u32,
12 data_len: u16,
13 // ... other fields
14}
15
16struct DPDKPort {
17 port_id: u16,
18 mbuf_pool: *mut libc::c_void,
19}
20
21impl DPDKPort {
22 fn new(port_id: u16) -> Result<Self, String> {
23 unsafe {
24 // Initialize EAL
25 let args = vec![
26 CString::new("app").unwrap(),
27 CString::new("-l").unwrap(),
28 CString::new("0-3").unwrap(),
29 CString::new("-n").unwrap(),
30 CString::new("4").unwrap(),
31 ];
32
33 let mut c_args: Vec<*mut i8> = args
34 .iter()
35 .map(|s| s.as_ptr() as *mut i8)
36 .collect();
37
38 let ret = rte_eal_init(
39 c_args.len() as i32,
40 c_args.as_mut_ptr(),
41 );
42
43 if ret < 0 {
44 return Err("EAL init failed".to_string());
45 }
46
47 // Create mempool
48 let pool_name = CString::new(format!("mbuf_pool_{}", port_id)).unwrap();
49 let mbuf_pool = rte_pktmbuf_pool_create(
50 pool_name.as_ptr(),
51 8192,
52 256,
53 0,
54 2048,
55 rte_socket_id(),
56 );
57
58 if mbuf_pool.is_null() {
59 return Err("Failed to create mbuf pool".to_string());
60 }
61
62 // Configure port
63 let mut port_conf: RteEthConf = mem::zeroed();
64
65 if rte_eth_dev_configure(port_id, 1, 1, &port_conf) < 0 {
66 return Err("Failed to configure port".to_string());
67 }
68
69 // Setup RX queue
70 if rte_eth_rx_queue_setup(
71 port_id, 0, 1024,
72 rte_eth_dev_socket_id(port_id),
73 ptr::null(),
74 mbuf_pool,
75 ) < 0 {
76 return Err("Failed to setup RX queue".to_string());
77 }
78
79 // Setup TX queue
80 if rte_eth_tx_queue_setup(
81 port_id, 0, 1024,
82 rte_eth_dev_socket_id(port_id),
83 ptr::null(),
84 ) < 0 {
85 return Err("Failed to setup TX queue".to_string());
86 }
87
88 // Start port
89 if rte_eth_dev_start(port_id) < 0 {
90 return Err("Failed to start port".to_string());
91 }
92
93 Ok(DPDKPort { port_id, mbuf_pool })
94 }
95 }
96
97 fn receive_burst(&self, bufs: &mut [*mut RteMbuf]) -> u16 {
98 unsafe {
99 rte_eth_rx_burst(
100 self.port_id,
101 0,
102 bufs.as_mut_ptr() as *mut *mut libc::c_void,
103 bufs.len() as u16,
104 )
105 }
106 }
107
108 fn send_burst(&self, bufs: &[*mut RteMbuf]) -> u16 {
109 unsafe {
110 rte_eth_tx_burst(
111 self.port_id,
112 0,
113 bufs.as_ptr() as *mut *mut libc::c_void,
114 bufs.len() as u16,
115 )
116 }
117 }
118}
119
120// Market data receiver
121struct MarketDataReceiver {
122 port: DPDKPort,
123 packets_received: u64,
124}
125
126impl MarketDataReceiver {
127 fn new(port: DPDKPort) -> Self {
128 MarketDataReceiver {
129 port,
130 packets_received: 0,
131 }
132 }
133
134 fn poll_loop(&mut self) {
135 const BURST_SIZE: usize = 64;
136 let mut bufs: [*mut RteMbuf; BURST_SIZE] = [ptr::null_mut(); BURST_SIZE];
137
138 loop {
139 let nb_rx = self.port.receive_burst(&mut bufs);
140
141 if nb_rx == 0 {
142 std::hint::spin_loop();
143 continue;
144 }
145
146 for i in 0..nb_rx as usize {
147 self.process_packet(bufs[i]);
148 unsafe {
149 rte_pktmbuf_free(bufs[i] as *mut libc::c_void);
150 }
151 }
152
153 self.packets_received += nb_rx as u64;
154 }
155 }
156
157 fn process_packet(&self, mbuf: *mut RteMbuf) {
158 unsafe {
159 let data = (*mbuf).buf_addr.add((*mbuf).data_off as usize);
160 let len = (*mbuf).pkt_len;
161
162 // Parse packet (Ethernet + IP + UDP + payload)
163 if len >= 42 { // Min size for Eth+IP+UDP
164 let payload = data.add(42);
165 let payload_len = len - 42;
166
167 if payload_len >= mem::size_of::<MarketDataMsg>() as u32 {
168 let msg = &*(payload as *const MarketDataMsg);
169 self.handle_market_data(msg);
170 }
171 }
172 }
173 }
174
175 fn handle_market_data(&self, msg: &MarketDataMsg) {
176 let now = rdtsc();
177 let latency = now - msg.timestamp;
178
179 // Process market data
180 println!("Symbol: {}, Price: {}, Latency: {} cycles",
181 msg.symbol_id, msg.price, latency);
182 }
183}
184
185#[repr(C, packed)]
186struct MarketDataMsg {
187 timestamp: u64,
188 symbol_id: u32,
189 price: f64,
190 size: u32,
191}
192
193fn rdtsc() -> u64 {
194 unsafe {
195 let lo: u32;
196 let hi: u32;
197 std::arch::asm!(
198 "rdtsc",
199 out("eax") lo,
200 out("edx") hi,
201 );
202 ((hi as u64) << 32) | (lo as u64)
203 }
204}
205
206// FFI declarations
207extern "C" {
208 fn rte_eal_init(argc: i32, argv: *mut *mut i8) -> i32;
209 fn rte_socket_id() -> u32;
210 fn rte_pktmbuf_pool_create(
211 name: *const i8,
212 n: u32,
213 cache_size: u32,
214 priv_size: u16,
215 data_room_size: u16,
216 socket_id: u32,
217 ) -> *mut libc::c_void;
218 fn rte_eth_dev_configure(
219 port_id: u16,
220 nb_rx_queue: u16,
221 nb_tx_queue: u16,
222 eth_conf: *const RteEthConf,
223 ) -> i32;
224 fn rte_eth_rx_queue_setup(
225 port_id: u16,
226 rx_queue_id: u16,
227 nb_rx_desc: u16,
228 socket_id: u32,
229 rx_conf: *const libc::c_void,
230 mb_pool: *mut libc::c_void,
231 ) -> i32;
232 fn rte_eth_tx_queue_setup(
233 port_id: u16,
234 tx_queue_id: u16,
235 nb_tx_desc: u16,
236 socket_id: u32,
237 tx_conf: *const libc::c_void,
238 ) -> i32;
239 fn rte_eth_dev_start(port_id: u16) -> i32;
240 fn rte_eth_dev_socket_id(port_id: u16) -> u32;
241 fn rte_eth_rx_burst(
242 port_id: u16,
243 queue_id: u16,
244 rx_pkts: *mut *mut libc::c_void,
245 nb_pkts: u16,
246 ) -> u16;
247 fn rte_eth_tx_burst(
248 port_id: u16,
249 queue_id: u16,
250 tx_pkts: *mut *mut libc::c_void,
251 nb_pkts: u16,
252 ) -> u16;
253 fn rte_pktmbuf_free(m: *mut libc::c_void);
254}
255
256#[repr(C)]
257struct RteEthConf {
258 // Simplified, see actual DPDK headers
259 _padding: [u8; 256],
260}
261io_uring provides efficient async I/O without syscalls.
1#include <liburing.h>
2#include <sys/socket.h>
3#include <netinet/in.h>
4#include <cstring>
5#include <iostream>
6#include <vector>
7
8class IOUringSocket {
9private:
10 struct io_uring ring_;
11 int sockfd_;
12
13 static constexpr uint32_t QUEUE_DEPTH = 4096;
14 static constexpr uint32_t BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
15
16public:
17 IOUringSocket() {
18 // Initialize io_uring
19 if (io_uring_queue_init(QUEUE_DEPTH, &ring_, 0) < 0) {
20 throw std::runtime_error("io_uring_queue_init failed");
21 }
22
23 // Create socket
24 sockfd_ = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
25 if (sockfd_ < 0) {
26 io_uring_queue_exit(&ring_);
27 throw std::runtime_error("socket creation failed");
28 }
29
30 // Bind to port
31 struct sockaddr_in addr = {};
32 addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
33 addr.sin_port = htons(12345);
34 addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
35
36 if (bind(sockfd_, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)) < 0) {
37 close(sockfd_);
38 io_uring_queue_exit(&ring_);
39 throw std::runtime_error("bind failed");
40 }
41 }
42
43 ~IOUringSocket() {
44 close(sockfd_);
45 io_uring_queue_exit(&ring_);
46 }
47
48 void async_receive_loop() {
49 std::vector<uint8_t> buffers[QUEUE_DEPTH];
50 for (auto& buf : buffers) {
51 buf.resize(BUFFER_SIZE);
52 }
53
54 // Submit initial receive requests
55 for (size_t i = 0; i < QUEUE_DEPTH; ++i) {
56 submit_receive(i, buffers[i].data());
57 }
58
59 // Event loop
60 while (true) {
61 struct io_uring_cqe* cqe;
62
63 // Wait for completion
64 int ret = io_uring_wait_cqe(&ring_, &cqe);
65 if (ret < 0) {
66 std::cerr << "io_uring_wait_cqe failed\n";
67 break;
68 }
69
70 // Process completion
71 if (cqe->res >= 0) {
72 uint64_t user_data = cqe->user_data;
73 size_t buf_idx = user_data;
74
75 handle_packet(buffers[buf_idx].data(), cqe->res);
76
77 // Resubmit receive
78 submit_receive(buf_idx, buffers[buf_idx].data());
79 }
80
81 io_uring_cqe_seen(&ring_, cqe);
82 }
83 }
84
85private:
86 void submit_receive(uint64_t id, void* buffer) {
87 struct io_uring_sqe* sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring_);
88 if (!sqe) {
89 std::cerr << "Failed to get SQE\n";
90 return;
91 }
92
93 io_uring_prep_recv(sqe, sockfd_, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);
94 io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, (void*)id);
95
96 io_uring_submit(&ring_);
97 }
98
99 void handle_packet(const void* data, size_t len) {
100 // Process packet
101 std::cout << "Received " << len << " bytes\n";
102 }
103};
1041use io_uring::{opcode, types, IoUring};
2use std::net::{SocketAddr, UdpSocket};
3use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
4
5struct IOUringReceiver {
6 ring: IoUring,
7 socket: UdpSocket,
8 buffers: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
9}
10
11impl IOUringReceiver {
12 fn new(addr: SocketAddr, queue_depth: u32) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
13 let socket = UdpSocket::bind(addr)?;
14 let ring = IoUring::new(queue_depth)?;
15
16 let mut buffers = Vec::new();
17 for _ in 0..queue_depth {
18 buffers.push(vec![0u8; 4096]);
19 }
20
21 Ok(IOUringReceiver {
22 ring,
23 socket,
24 buffers,
25 })
26 }
27
28 fn run(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
29 // Submit initial receives
30 for i in 0..self.buffers.len() {
31 self.submit_receive(i)?;
32 }
33
34 loop {
35 self.ring.submit_and_wait(1)?;
36
37 let cqe = self.ring.completion().next()
38 .expect("no completion");
39
40 let result = cqe.result();
41 let user_data = cqe.user_data();
42
43 if result >= 0 {
44 let buf_idx = user_data as usize;
45 self.handle_packet(&self.buffers[buf_idx][..result as usize]);
46
47 // Resubmit
48 self.submit_receive(buf_idx)?;
49 }
50 }
51 }
52
53 fn submit_receive(&mut self, buf_idx: usize) -> std::io::Result<()> {
54 let recv_e = opcode::Recv::new(
55 types::Fd(self.socket.as_raw_fd()),
56 self.buffers[buf_idx].as_mut_ptr(),
57 self.buffers[buf_idx].len() as u32,
58 );
59
60 unsafe {
61 self.ring
62 .submission()
63 .push(&recv_e.build().user_data(buf_idx as u64))?;
64 }
65
66 Ok(())
67 }
68
69 fn handle_packet(&self, data: &[u8]) {
70 println!("Received {} bytes", data.len());
71 // Process packet
72 }
73}
74From our production trading system:
1Method RX Latency TX Latency Throughput (Mpps)
2──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
3Kernel sockets 12.3 11.8 0.8
4io_uring 4.2 3.9 2.1
5DPDK (poll mode) 1.8 1.6 4.5
61Method CPU % Context Switches/sec
2─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
3Kernel sockets 45% 12,000
4io_uring 35% 200
5DPDK (poll mode) 100% 0
6After years of kernel bypass in production:
Kernel bypass delivers real performance gains, but adds operational complexity. Use it when latency truly matters.
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Technical Writer
NordVarg Team is a software engineer at NordVarg specializing in high-performance financial systems and type-safe programming.
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